O le Granite o se ituaiga papa igneous e eliina ona o lona malosi tele, mafiafia, tumau, ma le tete'e atu i le 'ele. Ae e tele fo'i ona aoga o le granite - e le gata mo sikuea ma faatafafā! O le mea moni, matou te galulue ma le mautinoa ma vaega o le granite ua mamanuina i foliga, tulimanu, ma pi'o o ituaiga eseese uma i taimi uma - ma ni taunuuga sili ona lelei.
Through our state of the art processing, cut surfaces can be exceptionally flat. These qualities make granite the ideal material to create custom-size and custom-design machine bases and metrology components. Granite is:
■ e mafai ona fa'aaogaina i masini
■ sa'o lelei le lamolemole pe a tipi ma fa'auma
■ tete'e i le 'ele
■ tumau
■ tumau umi
E faigofie fo'i ona fa'amamā vaega o le maa granite. A e faia ni mamanu fa'apitoa, ia mautinoa e te filifilia le maa granite ona o ona fa'amanuiaga sili ona lelei.

TULAGA FA'ATULAGA / FA'AOGA MAUALUGA
O le granite e faʻaaogaina e le ZHHIMG mo a matou oloa masani o le laulau luga e maualuga le aofaʻi o le kuata, lea e maua ai le teteʻe tele atu i le ofuina ma le faaleagaina. O a matou lanu Uliuli Sili e maualalo le fua faatatau o le mitiia o le vai, e faʻaitiitia ai le avanoa e 'ele ai au fua saʻo aʻo faʻapipiʻiina i luga o laulau. O lanu o le granite e ofoina mai e le ZHHIMG e mafua ai le itiiti ifo o le susulu, o lona uiga e itiiti ai le tiga o mata mo tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo faʻaaogaina laulau. Ua matou filifilia a matou ituaiga granite aʻo mafaufau i le faʻalauteleina o le vevela i le taumafaiga e faʻaitiitia ai lenei itu.

CUSTOM APPLICATIONS
A manaʻomia e lau talosaga se ipu e iai ni foliga faʻapitoa, ni mea e faʻapipiʻi i ai filo, ni avanoa poʻo ni isi masini, e te manaʻo e filifili se mea e pei o le Black Jinan Black. O lenei mea masani e ofoina atu le malosi sili, faʻaitiitia lelei le gatete, ma faʻaleleia atili le faigofie ona faʻaaogaina.

E tāua le mātauina e lē na o le lanu e fa’ailoa mai ai le tulaga faaletino o le ma’a. I se tulaga lautele, o le lanu o le granite e feso’ota’i tonu lava ma le iai po’o le leai o minerale, lea atonu e leai se a’afiaga i uiga e fai ai ni mea lelei mo luga o le laupapa. E iai granite piniki, efuefu, ma uliuli e sili ona lelei mo luga o laupapa, fa’apea fo’i ma granite uliuli, efuefu, ma piniki e matuā lē talafeagai mo ni fa’aoga sa’o. O uiga taua o le granite, e pei ona fa’atatau i lona fa’aaogaina o se mea mo luga o le laupapa, e leai se mea e fai ma lanu, ma e fa’apea:
■ Ma'a'a (fa'asesēina i lalo o le avega - fa'ailoa mai e le Modulus of Elasticity)
■ Faigata
■ Mafiafia
■ Tete'e atu i le ofuina
■ Mausali
■ Porosity

Ua matou fa'ata'ita'iina le tele o meafaitino granite ma fa'atusatusa nei meafaitino. Mulimuli ane ua matou maua le i'uga, o le Jinan black granite o le meafaitino sili lea ua matou iloa. O le Indian Black granite ma le South African granite e tutusa ma le Jinan Black Granite, ae o latou uiga fa'aletino e itiiti ifo nai lo le Jinan Black Granite. O le a fa'aauau pea ona sailia e le ZHHIMG nisi meafaitino granite i le lalolagi ma fa'atusatusa o latou uiga fa'aletino.

Mo nisi fa'amatalaga e uiga i le granite e fetaui lelei mo lau galuega, fa'amolemole fa'afeso'ota'i matouinfo@zhhimg.com.

E eseese tulaga fa'atonuina e fa'aaoga e kamupani gaosi oloa eseese. E tele tulaga fa'atonuina i le lalolagi.
DIN Standard, ASME B89.3.7-2013 po'o le Federal Specification GGG-P-463c (Granite Surface Plates) ma isi mea fa'apena e fai ma fa'avae mo a latou fa'amatalaga.

Ma e mafai ona matou gaosia ni ipu siaki sa'o o le granite e tusa ai ma ou mana'oga. Susū mai e fa'afeso'ota'i matou pe afai e te fia iloa nisi fa'amatalaga e uiga i nisi tulaga fa'atonuina.

E mafai ona manatu i le lamolemole o ni vaega uma i luga o le fogaeleele o loʻo i totonu o ni vaʻalele tutusa se lua, o le vaʻalele faʻavae ma le vaʻalele taualuga. O le fuaina o le mamao i le va o vaʻalele o le lamolemole atoa lea o le fogaeleele. O lenei fua lamolemole e masani ona i ai se faʻatagaga ma e ono aofia ai se faʻailoga o le maualuga.

Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le faʻapalepaleina o le lamolemole mo vasega masani e tolu o loʻo faʻamatalaina i le faʻamatalaga feterale e pei ona fuafuaina e le fua faʻatatau lenei:
■ Vasega Fa'ata'ita'i AA = (40 + sikuea fa'alava/25) x .000001" (i le itu e tasi)
■ Vasega o le Su'esu'ega A = Vasega o le Fale Su'esu'e AA x 2
■ Vasega o le Potu Meafaigaluega B = Vasega o le Fale Su'esu'e AA x 4.

Mo laupapa fa'avae masani, matou te fa'amautinoa atu le maualuga o le lamolemole e sili atu i mana'oga o lenei fa'amatalaga. I le fa'aopoopoga i le lamolemole, o lo'o fa'atalanoaina e le ASME B89.3.7-2013 & Federal Specification GGG-P-463c mataupu e aofia ai: le sa'o o le fuaina o mea, meatotino o meafaitino o granite o laupapa fa'avae, fa'auma o le fa'avae, nofoaga o le lagolago, malosi, auala taliaina o le siakiina, fa'apipi'iina o mea fa'apipi'i filo, ma isi mea fa'apena.

O papa granite ma papa inspeksi granite a le ZHHIMG e ausia pe sili atu i manaʻoga uma o loʻo faʻatulagaina i lenei faʻamatalaga. I le taimi nei, e leai se faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa mo papa tulimanu granite, parallels, poʻo master squares.

Ma e mafai ona e mauaina fua fa'atatau mo isi tulaga fa'atonuina i totonuLA'U I LALO.

Muamua, e taua le tausia o le mama o le ipu. O le pefu olo e tafe i le ea e masani lava o le puna sili lea o le ofuina ma le masae i luga o se ipu, aua e masani ona pipii i totonu o vaega faigaluega ma luga o mea e pa'i i ai. Lua, ufiufi lau ipu e puipuia ai mai le pefu ma le faaleagaina. E mafai ona fa'alauteleina le umi o le ofuina e ala i le ufiufiina o le ipu pe a le fa'aaogaina, e ala i le fa'ata'amilomiloina o le ipu i lea taimi ma lea taimi ina ia le tele se fa'aaogaina o se vaega e tasi, ma e ala i le suiina o u'amea e feso'ota'i i luga o le mea e fuaina ai i u'amea carbide. E le gata i lea, 'alo'ese mai le tu'uina o mea'ai po'o meainu suamalie i luga o le ipu. Ia manatua o le tele o meainu suamalie e iai le carbonic po'o le phosphoric acid, lea e mafai ona fa'ata'ape'apeina ai minerale vaivai ma tu'u ai ni pu laiti i luga.

E fa'alagolago lea i le fa'aaogaina o le ipu. Afai e mafai, matou te fautuaina le fa'amamaina o le ipu i le amataga o le aso (pe o le sifi faigaluega) ma toe fa'amamā i le fa'ai'uga. Afai e palapala le ipu, aemaise lava i vai ga'o po'o vai pipi'i, e tatau ona fa'amamaina loa.

Fa'amamā soo le ipu i le vai po'o le ZHHIMG Waterless surface plate cleaner. E taua tele le filifilia o vaila'au fa'amamā. Afai e fa'aaogaina se solvent volatile (acetone, lacquer thinner, alcohol, ma isi mea fa'apena) o le a fa'amālūlūina ai le luga e le fa'asusuina, ma fa'api'opi'oina ai. I lenei tulaga, e tatau ona fa'ataga le ipu e toe fa'atulaga lelei a'o le'i fa'aaogaina a leai o le a iai ni mea sese i le fuaina.

O le umi e manaʻomia mo le ipu e toe faʻaleleia ai le tulaga masani o le a fesuisuiaʻi e faʻatatau i le telē o le ipu, ma le tele o le faʻamālūlūina. E lava le itula e tasi mo ipu laiti. Atonu e manaʻomia ni itula se lua mo ipu tetele. Afai e faʻaaogaina se mea e faʻamamā ai e faʻavae i le vai, o le a iai foʻi sina faʻamālūlūina e faʻapuna ai.

O le a taofia fo'i e le ipu le vai, ma e ono mafua ai ona elea vaega u'amea pe a pa'i atu i luga. O nisi mea fa'amama o le a tu'ua ai fo'i se toega pipi'i pe a uma ona mago, lea o le a tosina mai ai le pefu e felelei i le ea, ma fa'ateleina ai le ofuina, nai lo le fa'aitiitia.

E faʻalagolago lea i le faʻaaogaina o le ipu ma le siosiomaga. Matou te fautuaina se ipu fou poʻo se mea faʻaopoopo granite saʻo e toe faia se toe faʻatulagaina atoa i totonu o le tausaga e tasi talu ona faʻatau. Afai o le a tele se faʻaaogaina o le ipu granite, atonu e fautuaina e faʻapuʻupuʻu lenei va i le ono masina. O le siakiina faalemasina mo mea sese o le fuaina soo e faʻaaoga ai se tulaga eletise, poʻo se masini faapena o le a faʻaalia ai soʻo se vaega o loʻo atiaʻe ma e naʻo ni nai minute e faʻatino ai. A maeʻa ona fuafuaina taunuʻuga o le toe faʻatulagaina muamua, e mafai ona faʻalauteleina pe faʻapuʻupuʻu le va o le faʻatulagaina e pei ona faʻatagaina pe manaʻomia e lau faiga lelei i totonu.

E mafai ona matou ofoina atu le tautua e fesoasoani ia te oe e siaki ma faʻatulaga lau ipu granite.

E tele mafuaʻaga e ono mafua ai ona eseese le faʻatulagaina o faʻatulagaga:

• Sa fufuluina le fogāeleele i se vai vevela pe malulu a'o le'i faia le fa'atulagaga, ma e le'i lava se taimi e fa'atulaga ai.
• E le lagolagoina lelei le ipu
• Suiga o le vevela
• Tusiga
• La susulu sa'o po'o isi vevela i luga o le laulau. Ia mautinoa e le o fa'avevela e le malamalama i luga le laulau.
• O suiga i le fesuia'iga o le vevela i le va o le taumalulu ma le taumafanafana (Afai e mafai, ia iloa le vevela o le fesuia'iga i le taimi e faia ai le fa'atulagaina.)
• E le lava le taimi e fa'atulaga ai le ipu pe a uma ona lafoina
• Fa'aaogāina sese o masini e siaki ai pe fa'aaogāina fo'i o masini e le'i fa'atulagaina lelei
• Suiga o le fogāeleele ona o le ofuina

E fia ituaiga pu i luga o le granite sa'o?

Avanoa i luga o Vaega o Granite Sa'o

Mo le tele o falegaosimea, potu su'esu'e ma fale su'esu'e, o papa granite sa'o e fa'alagolago i ai o se fa'avae mo le fuaina sa'o. Talu ai o fua fa'atatau uma e fa'alagolago i se fa'asinomaga sa'o o le fa'avae e ave mai ai fua fa'ai'u, o papa o luga e maua ai le fa'asinomaga sili ona lelei mo le su'esu'eina o galuega ma le fa'atulagaina a'o le'i fa'aaogaina le masini. O ni fa'avae lelei fo'i ia mo le faia o fua o le maualuga ma le fa'atulagaina o luga. E le gata i lea, o le maualuga o le lamolemole, mautu, lelei lautele ma le gaosiga e avea ai ma filifiliga lelei mo le fa'apipi'iina o faiga fa'ainisinia, eletise ma va'ai fa'apitoa. Mo so'o se tasi o nei faiga fuaina, e taua tele le tausia o papa o luga ia fa'atulagaina lelei.

Repeat Measurements and Flatness

E taua tele le mafolafola ma le toe fuaina o mea e lua ina ia mautinoa ai le sa'o lelei o le fogaeleele. E mafai ona manatu i le mafolafola o ni vaega uma i luga o le fogaeleele o lo'o i totonu o ni va'alele tutusa se lua, o le va'alele fa'avae ma le va'alele taualuga. O le fuaina o le mamao i le va o va'alele o le mafolafola atoa lea o le fogaeleele. O lenei fua mafolafola e masani ona i ai se fa'atagaga ma e ono aofia ai se fa'ailoga o le tulaga.

The flatness tolerances for three standard grades are defined in the federal specification as determined by the following formula:

DIN Standard, GB Standard, ASME Standard, JJS standard... eseese atunuu ma tulaga eseese...

Fa'amatalaga atili e uiga i le tulaga masani.

In addition to flatness, repeatability must be ensured. A repeat measurement is a measurement of local flatness areas. It is a measurement taken anywhere on the surface of a plate that will repeat within the stated tolerance. Controlling local area flatness to a tighter tolerance than overall flatness guarantees a gradual change in surface flatness profile, thereby minimizing local errors.

Ina ia mautinoa o loʻo ausia e se laulau luga ia tulaga faʻatulagaina o le lamolemole ma le fuaina soo, e tatau i kamupani gaosi oloa o laulau luga granite ona faʻaogaina le Federal Specification GGG-P-463c e fai ma faʻavae mo a latou faʻamatalaga. O lenei tulaga faʻatonuina e faʻatatau i le saʻo o le fuaina soo, meatotino o meafaitino o le laulau luga granite, faʻauma o le luga, nofoaga o le lagolago, malosi, auala taliaina o le siakiina ma le faʻapipiʻiina o mea faʻapipiʻi filo.

Checking Plate Accuracy

I le mulimuli i ni nai taiala faigofie, o se tupe teufaafaigaluega i se ipu granite e tatau ona tumau mo le tele o tausaga. E fuafua i le faʻaaogaina o le ipu, le siosiomaga o le faleoloa ma le saʻo e manaʻomia, e eseese le tele o taimi e siaki ai le saʻo o le ipu. O se tulafono lautele o le toe faia lea o se ipu fou i totonu o le tausaga e tasi talu ona faʻatau. Afai e faʻaaogaina soo le ipu, e fautuaina e faʻapuʻupuʻu lenei va i le ono masina.

Before a surface plate has worn beyond specification for overall flatness, it will show worn or wavy posts. Monthly inspection for repeat measurement errors using a repeat reading gage will identify wear spots. A repeat reading gage is a high-precision instrument that detects local error and can be displayed on a high magnification electronic amplifier.

An effective inspection program should include regular checks with an autocollimator, providing actual calibration of overall flatness traceable to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Comprehensive calibration by the manufacturer or an independent company is necessary from time to time.

Variations Between Calibrations

I nisi tulaga, e iai ni eseesega i le va o le fa'atulagaina o le laulau o luga. O nisi taimi o mea e pei o le suiga o le laulau e mafua mai i le ofuina, fa'aaoga sese o masini siaki po'o le fa'aaogaina o masini e le'i fa'atulagaina e mafai ona mafua ai nei eseesega. Peita'i, o mea e lua e sili ona taatele o le vevela ma le lagolago.

One of the most important variables is temperature. For instance, the surface might have been washed with a hot or cold solution prior to calibration and not allowed sufficient time to normalize. Other causes of temperature change include drafts of cold or hot air, direct sunlight, overhead lighting or other sources of radiant heat on the surface of the plate.

There also can be variations in the vertical temperature gradient between winter and summer. In some cases, the plate is not allowed sufficient time to normalize after shipment. It is a good idea to record the vertical gradient temperature at the time the calibration is performed.

Another common cause for calibration variation is a plate that is improperly supported. A surface plate should be supported at three points, ideally located 20% of the length in from the ends of the plate. Two supports should be located 20% of the width in from the long sides, and the remaining support should be centered.

Only three points can rest solidly on anything but a precision surface. Attempting to support the plate at more than three points will cause the plate to receive its support from various combinations of three points, which will not be the same three points on which it was supported during production. This will introduce errors as the plate deflects to conform to the new support arrangement. Consider using steel stands with support beams designed to line up with the proper support points. Stands for this purpose are generally available from the surface plate manufacturer.

If the plate is properly supported, precise leveling is only necessary if an application specifies it. Leveling is not necessary to maintain the accuracy of a properly supported plate.

Extend Plate Life

O le mulimuli i ni nai taʻiala o le a faʻaitiitia ai le ofuina i luga o se laulau granite ma iu ai ina faʻalauteleina lona umi e ola ai.

Muamua, e taua le tausia o le mama o le ipu. O le efuefu olo e feavea'i i le ea e masani lava o le puna tele lea o le ofuina ma le masae i luga o se ipu, aua e masani ona pipii i totonu o fasi pepa ma luga o mea e pa'i i ai.

It also is important to cover plates to protect it from dust and damage. Wear life can be extended by covering the plate when not in use.

Fa'ata'amilo le ipu i lea taimi ma lea taimi ina ia 'aua ne'i fa'aaogaina tele se vaega e tasi. E fautuaina fo'i e sui u'amea fa'afeso'ota'i i le gauging i u'amea carbide.

Avoid setting food or soft drinks on the plate. Many soft drinks contain either carbonic or phosphoric acid, which can dissolve the softer minerals and leave small pits in the surface.

Where to Relap

A manaʻomia ona toe faʻaleleia se laupapa granite, mafaufau pe tatau ona faia lenei tautua i le nofoaga poʻo le nofoaga e faʻatulaga ai. E sili atu i taimi uma le toe faʻapipiʻiina o le laupapa i le fale gaosi oloa poʻo se nofoaga faʻapitoa. Ae peitaʻi, afai e le o matua leaga le pala o le laupapa, e masani lava i totonu ole 0.001 inisi mai le tulaga manaʻomia, e mafai ona toe faʻapipiʻiina i le nofoaga. Afai ua pala se laupapa i le tulaga e sili atu ma le 0.001 inisi mai le tulaga e manaʻomia, pe afai ua leaga ona pu poʻo ua malepelepe, e tatau ona auina atu i le fale gaosi oloa mo le oloina aʻo leʻi toe faʻapipiʻiina.

A calibration facility has the equipment and factory setting providing the optimum conditions for proper plate calibration and rework if necessary.

E tatau ona matuā fa'aeteete i le filifilia o se tagata tomai faapitoa e fa'atulaga ma toe fa'aleleia le galuega i le nofoaga. Fesili mo se fa'amaoniga ma fa'amaonia pe mafai ona su'esu'eina le fa'atulagaina o masini o le a fa'aaogaina e le tagata tomai faapitoa. O le poto masani fo'i o se mea taua, aua e tele tausaga e alu ai e a'oa'o ai pe fa'apefea ona fa'apipi'i sa'o le granite.

Critical measurements start with a precision granite surface plate as a baseline. By ensuring a reliable reference by using a properly calibrated surface plate, manufacturers have one of the essential tools for reliable measurements and better quality parts.Q

Checklist for Calibration Variations

1. Sa fufuluina le fogāeleele i se vai vevela pe malulu a'o le'i faia le fa'atulagaga ma e le'i lava se taimi e fa'atulaga ai i le tulaga masani.

2. E le o sa'o le lagolagoina o le ipu.

3. Suiga o le vevela.

4. Pepa fa'ata'ita'i.

5. La susulu sa'o mai le la po'o isi vevela i luga o le laulau. Ia mautinoa e le o fa'avevela e le malamalama i luga le laulau.

6. Fesuiaiga o le fesuia'iga o le vevela i le va o le taumalulu ma le taumafanafana. Afai e mafai, ia iloa le vevela o le fesuia'iga i le taimi e faia ai le fa'atulagaina.

7. E le lava le taimi e fa'atulaga ai le ipu e toe fa'aleleia pe a uma ona lafoina.

8. Fa'aaogāina sese o masini e siaki ai pe fa'aaogāina o masini e le'i fa'atulagaina lelei.

9. Suiga o le fogāeleele ona o le ofuina.

Tech Tips

• Ona o fua fa'atatau uma lava e fa'alagolago i luga o se fogā'ele'ele sa'o e ave mai ai fua fa'ai'u, o papatusi o luga e maua ai le va'alele fa'asino sili ona lelei mo le siakiina o galuega ma le fa'atulagaina a'o le'i fa'aaogaina le masini.
• Controlling local area flatness to a tighter tolerance than overall flatness guarantees a gradual change in surface flatness profile, thereby minimizing local errors.
• O se polokalame siaki lelei e tatau ona aofia ai siaki masani i se autocollimator, ma maua ai le faʻamaoniga moni o le laugatasi atoa e mafai ona suʻeina i le Pulega Asiasiga a le Atunuʻu.

I totonu o vaega o minerale e fausia ai le granite, e silia ma le 90% o feldspar ma le quartz, o le feldspar e sili ona tele. O le feldspar e masani ona paʻepaʻe, efuefu, ma mumu le aano, ma o le quartz e tele lava ina leai se lanu poʻo le efuefu paʻepaʻe, o le lanu autū lea o le granite. O le feldspar ma le quartz o minerale maʻaʻa, ma e faigata ona gaoioi i se naifi uʻamea. Ae mo vaega pogisa i le granite, e masani lava o le mica uliuli, e iai nisi minerale. E ui o le biotite e fai si vaivai, ae o lona malosi e teteʻe atu ai i le mamafa e le vaivai, ma i le taimi lava e tasi e iai sina vaega itiiti i le granite, e masani ona itiiti ifo i le 10%. O le tulaga lea o le meafaitino e matua malosi ai le granite.

O le isi māfuaaga e malosi ai le granite ona o ona minerale e pipii mau le tasi i le isi ma e pipii faatasi. E masani ona itiiti ifo i le 1% o le aofaʻi atoa o le papa e na o pu. O lenei mea e mafai ai e le granite ona tatalia le mamafa malolosi ma e le faigofie ona sosolo i ai le susu.

O vaega o le granite e faia i maa e leai se ele, tete'e atu i le 'aisa ma le alkali, tete'e lelei i le ofuina ma umi le ola, e leai se tausiga fa'apitoa. O vaega sa'o o le granite e masani ona fa'aaogaina i meafaigaluega o le alamanuia masini. O le mea lea, ua ta'ua ai i latou o vaega sa'o o le granite po'o vaega granite. O uiga o vaega sa'o o le granite e tutusa lava ma uiga o fausaga granite. Fa'atomuaga i meafaigaluega ma le fuaina o vaega sa'o o le granite: O le fa'amasini sa'o ma le tekinolosi micro machining o ni itu taua o le atina'eina o le alamanuia gaosiga masini, ma ua avea ma fa'ailoga taua e fuaina ai se tulaga maualuga o tekinolosi. O le atina'eina o tekinolosi fa'aonaponei ma le alamanuia puipuiga e le mafai ona vavae'eseina mai le fa'amasini sa'o ma le tekinolosi micro-machining. E mafai ona fa'ase'e lelei vaega o le granite i le fuaina, e aunoa ma le tumau. O le fuaina o le fogāeleele faigaluega, o maosi lautele e le afaina ai le sa'o o le fuaina. E mana'omia ona mamanuina ma gaosia vaega o le granite e tusa ai ma mana'oga o le itu mana'omia.

Malae talosaga:

E pei ona tatou iloa uma, o loʻo tele pea masini ma meafaigaluega o loʻo filifilia vaega o le granite saʻo.

O vaega o le Granite e faʻaaogaina mo le gaioiga faʻasolosolo, afi linear, cmm, cnc, masini laser...

fa'afeiloa'i mai matou mo nisi fa'amatalaga.

O masini e fua ai maa ma vaega fa'amekanika o le maa e faia i le maa uliuli Jinan e sili ona lelei. Ona o lo latou sa'o lelei, umi le ola, mautu lelei ma tete'e atu i le 'ele, ua fa'ateleina ona fa'aaogaina i le siakiina o oloa o alamanuia fa'aonaponei ma vaega fa'asaienisi e pei o le vateatea fa'amekanika ma su'esu'ega fa'asaienisi.

Fa'amanuiaga

----E faaluaina le malosi e pei o le uʻamea ua lafoaʻi;

----O suiga laiti o le fua e mafua mai i suiga o le vevela;

----E leai se mimilo, o lea e leai se faalavelave i le galuega;

----E leai ni mea e mimilo pe fa'aoso ona o le fausaga lelei o le fatu ma le pipii itiiti, lea e mautinoa ai le maualuga o le lamolemole i se olaga umi ma e le afaina ai isi vaega po'o meafaigaluega;

----Fa'agaioiga e aunoa ma ni fa'afitauli mo le fa'aaogaina i mea fa'amaneta;

----Ola umi ma e leai se ele, ma mafua ai ona taugofie le tausiga.

O papatusi maa granite sa'o lelei ua fa'apipi'iina ma le sa'o i le tulaga maualuga o le lamolemole ina ia maua ai le sa'o ma e fa'aaogaina o se fa'avae mo le fa'apipi'iina o faiga fa'ainisinia, fa'aeletoroni ma faiga fa'apitoa e fuaina ai mea.

O nisi o vaega tulaga ese o le laulau o le granite:

Tutusa i le Malō;

Tuutuuga sa'o i lalo o le avega;

E mitiia le gatete;

Faigofie ona Fa'amamā;

E tete'e atu i le afifiina;

Porosity Maualalo;

E lē fa'a'a'a;

E lē fa'amagnetika

Fa'amanuiaga o le Granite Surface Plate

First, the rock after a long period of natural aging, uniform structure, coefficient minimum, the internal stress completely disappear, not deformed, so the precision is high.

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Precision Granite Base Can Improve Machine Tool Performances

Requirements are constantly increasing in mechanical engineering in general and in machine tool construction in particular. Achieving maximum precision and performance values without increasing costs are constant challenges to being competitive. The machine tool bed is a decisive factor here. Therefore, more and more machine tool manufacturers are relying on granite. Due to its physical parameters, it offers clear advantages that cannot be achieved with steel or polymer concrete.

Granite is a so-called volcanic deep rock and has a very dense and homogeneous structure with an extremely low coefficient of expansion, low thermal conductivity and high vibration damping.

Below you will discover why the common opinion that granite is mainly only suitable as machine base for high-end coordinate measuring machines is long outdated and why this natural material as a machine tool base is a very advantageous alternative to steel or cast iron even for high-precision machine tools.

We can manufacture granite components for dynamic motion, granite components for linear motors, granite components for ndt, granite components for xray, granite components for cmm, granite components for cnc, granite precision for laser, granite components for aerospace, granite components for precision stages...

High Added Value Without Additional Costs
The increasing use of granite in mechanical engineering is not so much due to the massive increase in the price of steel. Rather, it is because the added value for the machine tool achieved with a machine bed made of granite is possible at very little or no extra cost. This is proven by cost comparisons of well-known machine tool manufacturers in Germany and Europe.

The considerable gain in thermodynamic stability, vibration damping and long-term precision made possible by granite cannot be achieved with a cast iron or steel bed, or only at relatively high cost. For example, thermal errors can account for up to 75% of the total error of a machine, with compensation often attempted for by software – with moderate success. Due to its low thermal conductivity, granite is the better foundation for long-term precision.

With a tolerance of 1 μm, granite easily meets the flatness requirements according to DIN 876 for the degree of accuracy 00. With a value of 6 on the hardness scale 1 to 10, it is extremely hard, and with its specific weight of 2.8g/cm³ it almost reaches the value of aluminium. This also results in additional advantages such as higher feed rates, higher axis accelerations and an extension of the tool life for cutting machine tools. Thus, the change from a cast bed to a granite machine bed moves the machine tool in question into the high-end class in terms of precision and performance – at no extra cost.

Granite’s Improved Ecological Footprint
In contrast to materials such as steel or cast iron, natural stone does not have to be produced with a great deal of energy and using additives. Only relatively small amounts of energy are required for quarrying and surface treatment. This results in a superior ecological footprint, which even at the end of a machine’s life surpasses that of steel as a material. The granite bed can be the basis for a new machine or be used for completely different purposes such as shredding for road construction.

Nor are there any shortages of resources for granite. It is a deep rock formed from magma within the earth’s crust. It has ‘matured’ for millions of years and is available in very large quantities as a natural resource on almost all continents, including all of Europe.

Conclusion: The numerous demonstrable advantages of granite compared to steel or cast iron justify the increasing willingness of mechanical engineers to use this natural material as a foundation for high-precision, high-performance machine tools. Detailed information about granite properties, which are advantageous for machine tools and mechanical engineering, can be found in this further article.

A repeat measurement is a measurement of local flatness areas. The Repeat Measurement specification states that a measurement taken anywhere on the surface of a plate will repeat within the stated tolerance. Controlling local area flatness tighter than overall flatness guarantees a gradual change in surface flatness profile thereby minimizing local errors.

Most manufacturers, including imported brands, adhere to the Federal Specification of overall flatness tolerances but many overlook the repeat measurements. Many of the low value or budget plates available in the market today will not guarantee repeat measurements. A manufacturer who does not guarantee repeat measurements is NOT producing plates that meet the requirements of ASME B89.3.7-2013 or Federal Specification GGG-P-463c, or DIN 876, GB, JJS...

Both are critical to ensure a precision surface for accurate measurements. Flatness specification alone is not sufficient to guarantee measurement accuracy. Take as an example, a 36 X 48 Inspection Grade A surface plate, which meets ONLY the flatness specification of .000300". If the piece being checked bridges several peaks, and the gage being used is in a low spot, the measurement error could be the full tolerance in one area, 000300"! Actually, it can be much higher if the gage is resting on the slope of an incline.

Errors of .000600"-.000800" are possible, depending upon the severity of the slope, and the arm length of the gage being used. If this plate had a Repeat Measurement specification of .000050"F.I.R. then the measurement error would be less than .000050" regardless of where the measurement is taken on the plate. Another problem, which usually arises when an untrained technician attempts to resurface a plate on-site, is the use of Repeat Measurements alone to certify a plate.

The instruments that are used to verify repeatability are NOT designed to check overall flatness. When set to zero on a perfectly curved surface, they will continue to read zero, whether that surface is perfectly flat or perfectly concave or convex 1/2"! They simply verify the uniformity of the surface, not the flatness. Only a plate that meets both the flatness specification AND the repeat measurement specification truly meets the requirements of ASME B89.3.7-2013  or Federal Specification GGG-P-463c.

Ask us about or flatness specification and repeat measurement promise by calling +86 19969991659 or emailing INFO@ZHHIMG.COM

Yes, but they can only be guaranteed for a specific vertical temperature gradient. The effects of thermal expansion on the plate could easily cause a change in accuracy greater than the tolerance if there is a change in the gradient. In some cases, if the tolerance is tight enough, the heat absorbed from overhead lighting can cause enough of a gradient change over several hours.

Granite has a coefficient of thermal expansion of approximately .0000035 inches per inch per 1°F. As an example: A 36" x 48" x 8" surface plate has an accuracy of .000075" (1/2 of Grade AA) at a gradient of 0°F, the top and bottom are the same temperature. If the top of the plate warms up to the point where it is 1°F warmer than the bottom, the accuracy would change to .000275" convex ! Therefore, ordering a plate with a tolerance tighter than Laboratory Grade AA should only be considered if there is adequate climate control.

A surface plate should be supported at 3 points, ideally located 20% of the length in from the ends of the plate. Two supports should be located 20% of the width in from the long sides, and the remaining support should be centered. Only 3 points can rest solidly on anything but a precision surface.

The plate should be supported at these points during production, and it should be supported only at these three points while in use. Attempting to support the plate at more than three points will cause the plate to receive its support from various combinations of three points, which will not be the same 3 points on which it was supported during production. This will introduce errors as the plate deflects to conform to the new support arrangement. All zhhimg steel stands have support beams designed to line up with the proper support points.

If the plate is properly supported, precise leveling is only necessary if your application calls for it. Leveling is not necessary to maintain the accuracy of a properly supported plate.

Why Choose Granite for Machine Bases and Metrology Components?

The answer is 'yes' for almost every application. The advantages of granite include: No rust or corrosion, almost immune to warping, no compensating hump when nicked, longer wear life, smoother action, greater precision, virtually non-magnetic, low co-efficient of thermal expansion, and low maintenance cost.

Granite is a type of igneous rock quarried for its extreme strength, density, durability, and resistance to corrosion. But granite is also very versatile– it’s not just for squares and rectangles! In fact, Starrett Tru-Stone confidently works with granite components engineered in shapes, angles, and curves of all variations on a regular basis—with excellent outcomes.

Through our state of the art processing, cut surfaces can be exceptionally flat. These qualities make granite the ideal material to create custom-size and custom-design machine bases and metrology components. Granite is:

machineable
precisely flat when cut and finished
rust resistant
durable
long lasting
Granite components are also easy to clean. When creating custom designs, be sure to choose granite for its superior benefits.

STANDARDS / HIGH WEAR APPLICATIONS
The granite utilized by ZhongHui for our standard surface plate products has high quartz content, which provides greater resistance to wear and damage. Our Superior Black and Crystal Pink colors have low water absorption rates, minimizing the possibility of your precision gages rusting while setting on the plates. The colors of granite offered by ZhongHui result in less glare, which means less eyestrain for individuals using the plates. We have chosen our granite types while considering thermal expansion in an effort to keep this aspect minimal.

CUSTOM APPLICATIONS
When your application calls for a plate with custom shapes, threaded inserts, slots or other machining, you’ll want to select a material like Black Diabase. This natural material offers superior stiffness, excellent vibration dampening, and improved machinability.

Yes, if they are not too badly worn. Our factory setting and equipment allow the optimum conditions for proper plate calibration and rework if necessary. Generally, if a plate is within .001" of the required tolerance, it can be resurfaced on-site. If a plate is worn to the point where it is more than .001" out of tolerance, or if it is badly pitted or nicked, then it will need to be sent to the factory for grinding prior to relapping.

Great care should be exercised in selecting an on-site calibration and resurfacing technician. We urge you to use caution in selecting your calibration service. Ask for accreditation and verify the equipment that the technician will use has a National Inspection Institution traceable calibration. It takes many years to learn how to properly lap precision granite.

ZhongHui provides quick turn-around on calibrations performed in our factory. Send your plates in for calibration if possible. Your quality and reputation depend on the accuracy of your measurement instruments including surface plates!

Our black surface plates have a significantly higher density and are up to three times as stiff. Therefore, a plate made of the black does not need to be as thick as a granite plate of the same size to have equal or greater resistance to deflection. Reduced thickness means less weight and lower shipping costs.

Beware of others who use lower quality black granite in the same thickness. As stated above, properties of granite, like wood or metal, vary by material and color, and is not an accurate predictor of stiffness, hardness, or wear resistance. In fact, many types of black granite and diabase are very soft and not suitable for surface plate applications.

No. The specialized equipment and training necessary to rework these items requires that they be returned to the factory for calibration and rework.

Yes. Ceramic and granite have similar characteristics, and the methods used to calibrate and lap granite can be used with ceramic items as well. Ceramics are more difficult to lap than granite resulting in a higher cost.

Yes, provided that the inserts are recessed below the surface. If steel inserts are flush with, or above the surface plane, they must be spot-faced down before the plate can be lapped. If required, we can provide that service.

Yes. Steel inserts with the desired thread (English or metric) can be epoxy bonded into the plate at the desired locations. ZhongHui uses CNC machines to provide the tightest insert locations within +/- 0.005”. For less critical inserts, our locational tolerance for threaded inserts is ±.060". Other options include steel T-Bars and dovetail slots machined directly into the granite.

Inserts that are properly bonded using high strength epoxy and good workmanship will withstand a great deal of torsional and shear force. In a recent test, using 3/8"-16 threaded inserts, an independent testing laboratory measured the force required to pull an epoxy-bonded insert from a surface plate. Ten plates were tested. Out of these ten, in nine cases, the granite fractured first. The average load at the point of failure was 10,020 lbs. for gray granite and 12,310 lbs. for black. In the single case where an insert pulled free of the plate, the load at the point of failure was 12,990 lbs.! If a work piece forms a bridge across the insert and extreme torque is applied, it is possible to generate enough force to fracture the granite. Partially for this reason, ZhongHui gives guidelines for the maximum safe torque that can be applied the epoxy bonded inserts: https://www.zhhimg.com/standard-thread-inserts-product/

Yes, but only at our factory. At our plant, we can restore almost any plate to 'like-new' condition, usually for less than half the cost of replacing it. Damaged edges can be cosmetically patched, deep grooves, nicks, and pits can be ground out, and the attached supports can be replaced. In addition, we can modify your plate to increase its versatility by adding solid or threaded steel inserts and cutting slots or clamping lips, per your specifications.

Why Choose Granite?
Granite is a type of igneous rock formed in the Earth millions of years ago. The composition of igneous rock contained many minerals such as quartz that is extremely hard and wear-resistant. In addition to hardness and wear resistance granite has approximately half the coefficient of expansion as cast iron. As its volumetric weight is approximately one third that of cast iron, granite is easier to manoeuvre.

For machine bases and metrology components, black granite is the colour most used. Black granite has a higher percentage of quartz than other colours and is, therefore, the hardest wearing.

Granite is cost-effective, and cut surfaces can be exceptionally flat. Not only can it be hand lapped to achieve extremes of accuracy, but re-conditioning can be performed without moving the plate or table off-site. It is entirely a hand lapping operation and generally costs much less than re-conditioning a cast iron alternative.

These qualities make granite the ideal material to create custom-size and custom-design machine bases and metrology components such as the granite surface plate.

ZhongHui produces bespoke granite products that are created to support specific measurement requirements. These bespoke items vary from straight edges to tri squares. Due to the versatile nature of granite, the components can be produced to any size required; they are hard wearing and long-lasting.

Advantages of Granite Surface Plates
The importance of measuring on an even surface was established by British inventor Henry Maudsley in the 1800s. As a machine tool innovator, he determined that consistent production of parts required a solid surface for reliable measurements.

The industrial revolution created a demand for measuring surfaces, so engineering company Crown Windley created manufacturing standards. The standards for surface plates were first set by Crown in 1904 using metal. As the demand and cost for metal increased, alternative materials for the measuring surface were investigated.

In America, monument creator Wallace Herman established that black granite was an excellent surface plate material alternative to metal. As granite is non-magnetic and doesn’t rust, it soon became the preferred measuring surface.

A granite surface plate is an essential investment for laboratories and test facilities. A granite surface plate of 600 x 600 mm can be mounted on a support stand. The stands provide a working height of 34” (0.86m) with five adjustable points for levelling.

For reliable and consistent measurement results, a granite surface plate is crucial. As the surface is a smooth and stable plane, it enables instruments to be carefully manipulated.

The main advantages of granite surface plates are:

• Non-reflective
• Resistant to chemicals and corrosion
• Low coefficient of expansion compared with cart iron so less affected by temperature change
• Naturally rigid and hard-wearing
• The plane of the surface is unaffected if scratched
• Will not rust
• Non-magnetic
• Easy to clean and maintain
• Calibration and resurfacing can be done onsite
• Suitable for drilling for threaded support inserts
• High vibration damping

For many shops, inspection rooms and laboratories, precision granite surface plates are relied on as the basis for accurate measurement. Because every linear measurement depends on an accurate reference surface from which final dimensions are taken, surface plates provide the best reference plane for work inspection and layout prior to machining. They also are ideal bases for making height measurements and gaging surfaces. Further, a high degree of flatness, stability, overall quality and workmanship make them a good choice for mounting sophisticated mechanical, electronic and optical gaging systems. For any of these measurement processes, it is imperative to keep surface plates calibrated.

Repeat Measurements and Flatness
Both flatness and repeat measurements are critical to ensure a precision surface. Flatness can be considered as all points on the surface being contained within two parallel planes, the base plane and the roof plane. The measurement of distance between the planes is the overall flatness of the surface. This flatness measurement commonly carries a tolerance and may include a grade designation.

The flatness tolerances for three standard grades are defined in the federal specification as determined by the following formula:
Laboratory Grade AA = (40 + diagonal² / 25) x 0.000001 inch (unilateral)
Inspection Grade A = Laboratory Grade AA x 2
Tool Room Grade B = Laboratory Grade AA x 4

In addition to flatness, repeatability must be ensured. A repeat measurement is a measurement of local flatness areas. It is a measurement taken anywhere on the surface of a plate that will repeat within the stated tolerance. Controlling local area flatness to a tighter tolerance than overall flatness guarantees a gradual change in surface flatness profile, thereby minimizing local errors.

To ensure a surface plate meets both the flatness and repeat measurement specifications, manufacturers of granite surface plates should use Federal Specification GGG-P-463c as a basis for their specifications. This standard addresses repeat measurement accuracy, material properties of surface plate granites, surface finish, support point location, stiffness, acceptable methods of inspection and installation of threaded inserts.

Before a surface plate has worn beyond specification for overall flatness, it will show worn or wavy posts. Monthly inspection for repeat measurement errors using a repeat reading gage will identify wear spots. A repeat reading gage is a high-precision instrument that detects local error and can be displayed on a high magnification electronic amplifier.

Checking Plate Accuracy
By following a few simple guidelines, an investment in a granite surface plate should last for many years. Depending on plate usage, shop environment and required accuracy, frequency of checking the surface plate accuracy varies. A general rule of thumb is for a new plate to receive a full recalibration within one year of purchase. If the plate is used frequently, it is advisable to shorten this interval to six months.

Before a surface plate has worn beyond specification for overall flatness, it will show worn or wavy posts. Monthly inspection for repeat measurement errors using a repeat reading gage will identify wear spots. A repeat reading gage is a high-precision instrument that detects local error and can be displayed on a high magnification electronic amplifier.

An effective inspection program should include regular checks with an autocollimator, providing actual calibration of overall flatness traceable to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Comprehensive calibration by the manufacturer or an independent company is necessary from time to time.

Variations Between Calibrations
In some cases, there are variations between surface plate calibrations. Sometimes factors such as surface change resulting from wear, incorrect use of inspection equipment or use of noncalibrated equipment can account for these variations. The two most common factors, however, are temperature and support.

One of the most important variables is temperature. For instance, the surface might have been washed with a hot or cold solution prior to calibration and not allowed sufficient time to normalize. Other causes of temperature change include drafts of cold or hot air, direct sunlight, overhead lighting or other sources of radiant heat on the surface of the plate.

There also can be variations in the vertical temperature gradient between winter and summer. In some cases, the plate is not allowed sufficient time to normalize after shipment. It is a good idea to record the vertical gradient temperature at the time the calibration is performed.

Another common cause for calibration variation is a plate that is improperly supported. A surface plate should be supported at three points, ideally located 20% of the length in from the ends of the plate. Two supports should be located 20% of the width in from the long sides, and the remaining support should be centered.

Only three points can rest solidly on anything but a precision surface. Attempting to support the plate at more than three points will cause the plate to receive its support from various combinations of three points, which will not be the same three points on which it was supported during production. This will introduce errors as the plate deflects to conform to the new support arrangement. Consider using steel stands with support beams designed to line up with the proper support points. Stands for this purpose are generally available from the surface plate manufacturer.

If the plate is properly supported, precise leveling is only necessary if an application specifies it. Leveling is not necessary to maintain the accuracy of a properly supported plate.

It is important to keep the plate clean. Airborne abrasive dust is usually the greatest source of wear and tear on a plate, as it tends to embed in workpieces and the contact surfaces of gages. Cover plates to protect them from dust and damage. Wear life can be extended by covering the plate when not in use.

Extend Plate Life
Following a few guidelines will reduce wear on a granite surface plate and ultimately, extend its life.

First, it is important to keep the plate clean. Airborne abrasive dust is usually the greatest source of wear and tear on a plate, as it tends to embed in workpieces and the contact surfaces of gages.

It also is important to cover plates to protect it from dust and damage. Wear life can be extended by covering the plate when not in use.

Rotate the plate periodically so that a single area does not receive excessive use. Also, it is recommended to replace steel contact pads on gaging with carbide pads.

Avoid setting food or soft drinks on the plate. Many soft drinks contain either carbonic or phosphoric acid, which can dissolve the softer minerals and leave small pits in the surface.

Where to Relap
When a granite surface plate needs re-surfacing, consider whether to have this service performed on-site or at the calibration facility. It is always preferable to have the plate relapped at the factory or a dedicated facility. If, however, the plate is not too badly worn, generally within 0.001 inch of the required tolerance, it can be resurfaced on-site. If a plate is worn to the point where it is more than 0.001 inch out of tolerance, or if it is badly pitted or nicked, then it should be sent to the factory for grinding prior to relapping.

A calibration facility has the equipment and factory setting providing the optimum conditions for proper plate calibration and rework if necessary.

Great care should be exercised in selecting an on-site calibration and resurfacing technician. Ask for accreditation and verify the equipment that the technician will use has a NIST-traceable calibration. Experience also is an important factor, as it takes many years to learn how to correctly lap precision granite.

Critical measurements start with a precision granite surface plate as a baseline. By ensuring a reliable reference by using a properly calibrated surface plate, manufacturers have one of the essential tools for reliable measurements and better quality parts.

Checklist for Calibration Variations

1. The surface was washed with a hot or cold solution prior to calibration and was not allowed sufficient time to normalize.
2. The plate is improperly supported.
3. Temperature change.
4. Drafts.
5. Direct sunlight or other radiant heat on the surface of the plate. Be sure that overhead lighting is not heating the surface.
6. Variations in the vertical temperature gradient between winter and summer. If at all possible, know the vertical gradient temperature at the time the calibration is performed.
7. Plate not allowed sufficient time to normalize after shipment.
8. Improper use of inspection equipment or use of noncalibrated equipment.
9. Surface change resulting from wear.

Tech Tips
Because every linear measurement depends on an accurate reference surface from which final dimensions are taken, surface plates provide the best reference plane for work inspection and layout prior to machining.

Controlling local area flatness to a tighter tolerance than overall flatness guarantees a gradual change in surface flatness profile, thereby minimizing local errors.